nginx服务器，安装配置详解
# 更新包索引sudo apt update# 安装 Nginxsudo apt install nginx# 启动 Nginxsudo systemctl start nginx# 设置开机自启sudo systemctl enable nginx
# 添加 Nginx 官方仓库sudo yum install -y epel-release# 安装 Nginxsudo yum install -y nginx# 启动 Nginxsudo systemctl start nginx# 设置开机自启sudo systemctl enable nginx
在浏览器中访问服务器 IP 地址，若看到 "Welcome to Nginx" 页面，则安装成功。
Nginx 的主配置文件位于 /etc/nginx/nginx.conf，通常包含以下部分：
user www-data; # 运行用户worker_processes auto; # 工作进程数error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log; # 错误日志路径events {
worker_connections 1024; # 每个进程的最大连接数}http {
include /etc/nginx/mime.types; # MIME 类型定义
default_type application/octet-stream; # 默认类型
# 日志格式
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
# 连接超时设置
sendfile on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
# 虚拟主机配置
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;}sudo mkdir -p /var/www/example.com/htmlsudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/example.com/htmlsudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/example.com
在 /etc/nginx/sites-available/ 目录下创建 example.com.conf：
server {
listen 80; # 监听端口
server_name example.com www.example.com; # 域名
root /var/www/example.com/html; # 网站根目录
index index.html index.htm; # 默认索引文件
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404; # 尝试访问文件，不存在则返回 404
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; # 错误页面配置
location = /50x.html {
root /var/www/nginx-default;
}}# 创建软链接到 sites-enabled 目录sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/# 检查配置语法sudo nginx -t# 重载 Nginxsudo systemctl reload nginx
# Ubuntu/Debiansudo apt install certbot python3-certbot-nginx# CentOS/RHELsudo yum install certbot python3-certbot-nginx
sudo certbot --nginx -d example.com -d www.example.com
Certbot 会自动更新 Nginx 配置，以下是手动配置示例：
server {
listen 443 ssl http2;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
root /var/www/example.com/html;
index index.html;
# SSL 证书配置
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem;
# SSL 优化配置
ssl_protocols TLSv1.3 TLSv1.2;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}}# HTTP 重定向到 HTTPSserver {
listen 80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;}http {
# 开启 gzip 压缩
gzip on;
gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;
# 静态文件缓存设置
location ~* \.(js|css|png|jpg|jpeg|gif|ico)$ {
expires 30d;
log_not_found off;
access_log off;
}
# 调整 worker 进程和连接数
worker_processes auto;
worker_connections 1024;
# 限制客户端请求速率
limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=mylimit:10m rate=10r/s;
location / {
limit_req zone=mylimit;
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}}server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://localhost:3000; # 后端应用地址
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
# WebSocket 支持
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
proxy_set_header Connection 'upgrade';
proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
}}检查 Nginx 状态
sudo systemctl status nginx
查看错误日志
tail -f /var/log/nginx/error.log
测试配置语法
重载配置
sudo systemctl reload nginx
隐藏 Nginx 版本信息
在 nginx.conf 中添加：
限制访问
location /admin {
allow 192.168.1.0/24; # 允许的 IP 段
deny all;}
配置防火墙
# 允许 HTTP 和 HTTPS 流量sudo ufw allow 80sudo ufw allow 443# 启用防火墙sudo ufw enable
以上是 Nginx 服务器的完整安装配置指南，根据实际需求可进一步调整优化。
